The role of diversification rates and evolutionary history as a driver of plant naturalization success

Abstract

Human introductions of species beyond their natural ranges and subsequent establishment are defining features of global environmental change. However, naturalized plants are not uniformly distributed across phylogenetic lineages, with some families contributing disproportionately more to the global alien species pool than others. Additionally, lineages differ in diversification rates and high diversification rates have been associated with characteristics that increase species naturalization success. Here, we investigate the role of diversification rates in explaining the naturalization success of angiosperm plant families. We use five global datasets including native and alien plant species distribution, horticultural use of plants and a time-calibrated angiosperm phylogeny. Using Phylogenetic Generalized Linear Mixed Models, we analysed the effect of diversification rate, different geographical range measures and horticultural use on the naturalization success of plant families. We show that a family's naturalization success is positively associated with its evolutionary history, native range size and economic use. Investigating interactive effects of these predictors shows that native range size and geographic distribution additionally affect naturalization success. High diversification rates and large ranges increase naturalization success especially of temperate families. We suggest this may result from lower ecological specialization in temperate families with large ranges, compared to tropical families with smaller ranges.