Ants resort to heuristics when facing relational-learning tasks they cannot solve

Abstract

We humans sort the world around us into conceptual groups, such as 'the same' or 'different', which facilitates many cognitive tasks. Applying such abstract concepts can improve problem-solving success and is therefore worth the cognitive investment. In this study, we investigated whether ants (Lasius niger) can learn the relational rule of 'the same' or 'different' by training them in an odour match-to-sample test over 48 visits. While ants in the 'different' treatment improved significantly over time, reaching around 65% correct decisions, ants in the 'same' treatment did not. Ants did not seem able to learn such abstract relational concepts, but instead created their own individual strategy to try to solve the problem: some ants decided to 'always go left', others preferred a 'go to the more salient cue' heuristic which systematically biased their decisions. These heuristics even occasionally lowered the success rate in the experiment below chance, indicating that following any rule may be more desirable then making truly random decisions. As the finding that ants resort to heuristics when facing hard-to-solve decisions was discovered post-hoc, we strongly encourage other researchers to ask whether employing heuristics in the face of challenging tasks is a widespread phenomenon in insects.