miR-151 in health and disease: A comprehensive review of its implications in Cancer, diabetes, and more

Abstract

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key post-transcriptional regulators involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Purpose: This review focuses on miR-151, a functionally versatile miRNA, and synthesizes current evidence regarding its involvement across a spectrum of human diseases. Main findings: miR-151 has been shown to play a dual role as both an oncogene and a tumor suppressor, depending on the cellular context and disease type. Its dysregulation has been implicated in the development and progression of various conditions, including multiple cancers, diabetes, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disorders, intracranial aneurysms, and male infertility. Through modulation of target genes and signaling pathways, miR-151 influences cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Importantly, its tissue-specific expression and regulatory dynamics underscore its potential as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target. Conclusion: By compiling and analyzing current research, this review aims to clarify the multifaceted roles of miR-151 in disease pathogenesis and to encourage further studies that may support its translational application in precision medicine.