Schedule control and work hours : the role of gender and flexibility stigma across European countries

Abstract

Flexible working arrangements, including control over one's schedule, aim to enhance workers’ well-being and work-life balance. However, flexible working can be perceived negatively or stigmatized in some contexts, undermining the potential benefits of flexible work use. This study investigates how flexible working time relates to weekly work hours across European countries, considering variations in flexibility stigma, gender, and parental status. Drawing on data from the European Social Survey 2021 and Eurobarometer Flash Survey on Work-Life Balance 2018, multilevel modeling with cross-level interactions reveals several key patterns. At the individual level, there is a gendered compensation mechanism: men work more hours when having schedule control, while women's hours are similar across working time arrangements. Mothers consistently work fewer hours, with a more substantial gap between mothers and non-mothers among those with schedule control. No such gap exists for men. At the contextual level, higher flexibility stigma is linked to longer work hours only for men with schedule control, suggesting that men may overcompensate for negative perceptions by working more time. These findings support the flexibility paradox: rather than optimizing work hours, flexible arrangements may intensify work demands, particularly for men. This tendency can exacerbate gender disparities in the workplace.