Effects of age, sex and activity level on counter-movement jump performance in children and adolescents

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate counter-movement jump performance and its reliability in children and adolescents with respect to age, sex and activity level. We tested 1835 children and adolescents aged between 4 and 17 years. All participants performed three counter-movement jumps on a force platform with arms akimbo. The participants were divided into six age groups and subdivided by sex within each group, to analyse age and sex effects. Subsequently, jumping performance of active and sedentary participants was compared. Jump height was calculated and the highest jump out of three was used for the calculations of peak force and peak rate of force development. Variability of all parameters was quantified using the coefficient of variation over all jumps. Jump height increased significantly with increasing age while peak rate of force development decreased. Peak force was similar for all age groups. Jump height was significantly higher in male participants and peak force and peak rate of force development was significantly lower in male participants. Variability of jump height and peak force decreased significantly with increasing age leading to reliable data above the age of 10 years. Peak rate of force development showed a high variability and, therefore, should be interpreted with caution. This could be useful information for coaches as they need to know from which age onwards the counter-movement jump is applicable in performance diagnostics and which parameters are sensible for interpretation. Finally, the present study provides data to be used as normative references.