Polyphenolic Allelochemicals from the Aquatic Angiosperm Myriophyllum spicatum Inhibit Photosystem II

Abstract

Myriophyllum spicatum (Haloragaceae) is a highly competitive freshwater macrophyte that produces and releases algicidal and cyanobactericidal polyphenols. Among them, β-1,2,3-tri-O-galloyl-4,6-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-d-glucose (tellimagrandin II) is the major active substance and is an effective inhibitor of microalgal exoenzymes. However, this mode of action does not fully explain the strong allelopathic activity observed in bioassays. Lipophilic extracts of M. spicatum inhibit photosynthetic oxygen evolution of intact cyanobacteria and other photoautotrophs. Fractionation of the extract provided evidence for tellimagrandin II as the active compound. Separate measurements of photosystem I and II activity with spinach (Spinacia oleracea) thylakoid membranes indicated that the site of inhibition is located at photosystem II (PSII). In thermoluminescence measurements with thylakoid membranes and PSII-enriched membrane fragments M. spicatum extracts shifted the maximum temperature of the B-band (S2QB recombination) to higher temperatures. Purified tellimagrandin II in concentrations as low as 3 μm caused a comparable shift of the B-band. This demonstrates that the target site of this inhibitor is different from the QB-binding site, a common target of commercial herbicides like 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1- dimethylurea. Measurements with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy suggest a higher redox midpoint potential for the non-heme iron, located between the primary and the secondary quinone electron acceptors, QA and QB. Thus, tellimagrandin II has at least two modes of action, inhibition of exoenzymes and inhibition of PSII. Multiple target sites are a common characteristic of many potent allelochemicals.