@article{Adams2021Stepp-58323,
  year={2021},
  doi={10.3389/fspor.2021.715392},
  title={The Stepping Threshold Test for Reactive Balance : Validation of Two Observer-Based Evaluation Strategies to Assess Stepping Behavior in Fall-Prone Older Adults},
  volume={3},
  journal={Frontiers in Sports and Active Living},
  author={Adams, Michael and Brüll, Leon and Lohkamp, Monika and Schwenk, Michael},
  note={Article Number: 715392}
}

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    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">Introduction: Measurement of reactive balance is critical for fall prevention but is severely underrepresented in the clinical setting due to the lack of valid assessments. The Stepping Threshold Test (STT) is a newly developed instrumented test for reactive balance on a movable platform, however, it has not yet been validated for fall-prone older adults. Furthermore, different schemes of observer-based evaluation seem possible. The aim of this study was to investigate validity with respect to fall risk, interpretability, and feasibility of the STT using two different evaluation strategies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Methods: This study involved 71 fall-prone older adults (aged ≥ 65) who underwent progressively increasing perturbations in four directions for the STT. Single and multiple-step thresholds for each perturbation direction were determined via two observer-based evaluation schemes, which are the 1) consideration of all steps (all-step-count evaluation, ACE) and 2) consideration of those steps that extend the base of support in the direction of perturbation (direction-sensitive evaluation, DSE). Established balance measures including global (Brief Balance Evaluations Systems Test, BriefBEST), proactive (Timed Up and Go, TUG), and static balance (8-level balance scale, 8LBS), as well as fear of falling (Short Falls Efficacy Scale-International, FES-I) and fall occurrence in the past year, served as reference measurements.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Results: The sum scores of STT correlated moderately with the BriefBEST (ACE: r = 0.413; DSE: r = 0.388) and TUG (ACE: r = -0.379; DSE: r = -0.435) and low with the 8LBS (ACE: r = 0.173; DSE: r = 0.246) and Short FES-I (ACE: r = -0.108; DSE: r = -0.104). The sum scores did not distinguish between fallers and non-fallers. No floor/ceiling effects occurred for the STT sum score, but these effects occurred for specific STT thresholds for both ACE (mean floor effect = 13.04%, SD = 19.35%; mean ceiling effect = 4.29%, SD = 7.75%) and DSE (mean floor effect = 7.86%, SD = 15.23%; mean ceiling effect = 21.07%, SD = 26.08). No severe adverse events occurred.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Discussion: Correlations between the STT and other balance tests were in the expected magnitude, indicating convergent validity. However, the STT could not distinguish between fallers and non-fallers, referring to a need for further studies and prospective surveys of falls to validate the STT. Current results did not allow a definitive judgment on the advantage of using ACE or DSE. Study results represented a step toward a reactive balance assessment application in a clinical setting.</dcterms:abstract>
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    <dc:contributor>Brüll, Leon</dc:contributor>
    <dc:creator>Lohkamp, Monika</dc:creator>
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    <dc:creator>Brüll, Leon</dc:creator>
    <dcterms:title>The Stepping Threshold Test for Reactive Balance : Validation of Two Observer-Based Evaluation Strategies to Assess Stepping Behavior in Fall-Prone Older Adults</dcterms:title>
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    <dc:contributor>Schwenk, Michael</dc:contributor>
    <dc:contributor>Lohkamp, Monika</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2022-08-17T14:36:35Z</dc:date>
    <dcterms:issued>2021</dcterms:issued>
    <dc:contributor>Adams, Michael</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:creator>Adams, Michael</dc:creator>
    <dc:language>eng</dc:language>
    <dc:rights>Attribution 4.0 International</dc:rights>
    <dc:creator>Schwenk, Michael</dc:creator>
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