Aspect forms and functions in Sorbian varieties
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In this paper, we discuss different types of verbal aspect in three varieties of Sorbian, Standard Lower and Upper Sorbian and Colloquial Upper Sorbian. There are basically two formally differentiated aspect oppositions in Sorbian, the Slavic opposition of perfectivity, expressed by stem alternations (prefixation, suffixation and suppletion) and thus grammatically derivative, and the opposition of aorist and imperfect, expressed by inflection. These two types are, however, restricted in their distribution, as modern Lower Sorbian lacks the inflectional type completely, and Colloquial Upper Sorbian uses it only with auxiliaries, modal verbs and some verbs of speech. Even in Standard Upper Sorbian the independence of the two oppositions is rather relative, as only the second and third person singular have different endings for the two grammemes, whereas in all other persons formal differences between imperfect and aorist are expressed, if at all, only by stem alternations, dependent on the opposition between the imperfective and the perfective stem. Therefore, even in Standard Upper Sorbian we have a clear differentiation between perfective and imperfective only outside the synthetic past tense, e.g. in the analytic l past or in the future, while the imperfect is linked exclusively to the imperfective and the aorist to the perfective. While the functions of the stem-based aspect opposition are in the Standard languages of the common Slavic type, Colloquial Upper Sorbian has an idiosyncratic aspect type based functionally on an opposition of grammaticalized telicity. The reasons for the special characteristics of verbal aspect in the varieties of Sorbian in formal as well as in functional respect essentially go back to language contact with German. The ILA model of the interaction of the lexicon with aspect serves as a theoretical base for the following presentation.
Zusammenfassung in einer weiteren Sprache
Tutón přinošk zaběra so z formu a funkcijemi werbalneho aspekta w třoch serbskich warietach, we woběmaj spisownymaj rěčomaj a w (katolskej) hornjoserbskej wobchadnej rěči. Nastupajo formalne kategorije, předležitej zasadnje dwaj typaj, deriwatiwny typ perfektiwnosće z opoziciju perfektiwneho a imperfektiwneho aspekta, kotraž eksistuje we wšěch słowjanskich rěčach, a flektiwny typ wobmjezowany na syntetiski preteritum (aorist : imperfekt). Posledni typ, kotryž namakamy hewak jenož w južnosłowjanskich rěčach, njeje pak samostatny, dokelž wustupuje přeco w krutej kombinaciji z deriwatiwnym aspektom. Nimo toho njeeksistuje flektiwna opozicija w delnjoserbskich dialektach a wobhladuje so dźensa w delnjoserbskej spisownej rěči jako kumštna forma a w hornjoserbskej wobchadnej rěči wobmjezuje so na modalne a někotre druhe werby. Deriwatiwny typ zwuraznja so we wšěch serbskich warietach na samsne wašnje z aspektowymi porikami, kotrež so ze sufiksami, prefiksami abo přez supletiwnosć tworja. Mjeztym zo so spisownej rěči w aspektowych funkcijach runatej, z někotrymi rozdźělemi k ruskej rěči, kaž na př. wužiwanjom perfektiwneho aspekta w iteratiwnych kontekstach, ma hornjoserbska wobchadna rěč cyle hinaši system, kotryž bazuje na gramatikalizowanej opoziciji terminatiwnosće. Fungowanje aspekta we wšěch warietach wopisuje so z teoriju interakcije leksiki z aspektom (ILA), a to w formje dweju typow aspektowych operacijow, statusoweho a fokusoweho aspekta. Dźensniše aspektowe systemy so wujasnja přez indirektny wliw rěčneho kontakta z němskej rěču.
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BREU, Walter, 2012. Aspect forms and functions in Sorbian varieties. In: Language typology and universals / Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung : STUF. 2012, 65(3), pp. 246-266. ISSN 1867-8319. Available under: doi: 10.1524/stuf.2012.0016BibTex
@article{Breu2012Aspec-22100, year={2012}, doi={10.1524/stuf.2012.0016}, title={Aspect forms and functions in Sorbian varieties}, number={3}, volume={65}, issn={1867-8319}, journal={Language typology and universals / Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung : STUF}, pages={246--266}, author={Breu, Walter} }
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