Publikation: Motivation
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Motivation is the study of the processes that cause animals and humans to exhibit varying sets of behavior at different times. Some examples of such behavior sets are eating, fighting, socializing, achieving, and studying. Traditionally, one distinguishes between biopsychological and sociopsychological approaches to the processes that cause these behaviors (Reeve, 1997). The processes addressed by the first tradition are principally physiological and those by the second tradition mainly cognitive. The biopsychological perspective has been particularly successful in the analysis of so-called biological motives common to animals and humans, such as hunger, aggression, or sex. The sociopsychological perspective has been effective in the analysis of so-called cognitive motives largely restricted to humans, such as power or achievement needs. To the extent that modern psychology has come to accept that all psychological processes are due ultimately to physiological activity, the division is now somewhat arbitrary. Nevertheless, explanations of biological motives, even when concerning humans, are mainly offered in terms of largely factual physiological mechanisms (neuronal activation, hormone secretions, etc.), whereas cognitive motives are mainly explained in terms of psychological constructs (intending, planning, executing, etc.). These constructs, modern neuroimaging techniques notwithstanding, can not yet be easily related with physiological events. This validates the dual approach offered in this chapter. Still, in some cases we have offersed an integration of biopsychological and sociopsychological approaches, and other examples of such integration are given in chapter 4. We look forward to further integration of these two approaches in the years to come.
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GOLLWITZER, Peter M., Juan DELIUS, Gabriele OETTINGEN, 2000. Motivation. In: PAWLIK, Kurt, ed. and others. International handbook of psychology. London [u.a.]: Sage, 2000, pp. 191-206. Available under: doi: 10.4135/9781848608399BibTex
@incollection{Gollwitzer2000Motiv-10111, year={2000}, doi={10.4135/9781848608399}, title={Motivation}, publisher={Sage}, address={London [u.a.]}, booktitle={International handbook of psychology}, pages={191--206}, editor={Pawlik, Kurt}, author={Gollwitzer, Peter M. and Delius, Juan and Oettingen, Gabriele} }
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