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Do responses to fluctuating environmental conditions vary among and within individuals? : A special focus on physiological plasticity in birds

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2024

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Climate is changing on a global scale. Not only is the Earth becoming hotter but extreme weather events like cold spells, heat weaves, droughts, storms, hurricanes, etc., are becoming more frequent. This is only one of the many ways in which anthropogenic activities are modifying natural environments, affecting virtually every living being. Due to their labile and environmentally responsive nature, physiological traits like hormone concentrations or rates of metabolism represent the first line of response employed by animals to fluctuating environmental conditions. Individuals can reversibly adjust the expression of these traits to environmental changes by displaying physiological plasticity. Physiological traits are highly pleiotropic and can influence the expression of other traits, resulting in multivariate plasticity. Also, physiological traits are often very sensitive to environmental variation, even when multiple sources act simultaneously, resulting in multidimensional plasticity. As any other labile trait, variation in physiological traits differs across hierarchical levels of biological organization, from species to populations to individuals and to single instances within individuals. Despite the evolutionary potential of physiological plasticity in mediating individual and population persistence in this changing world, studying physiological plasticity in a multi-level, multi-dimensional and multi-trait manner is still the exception rather than the norm. With this thesis I aimed at quantifying patterns of variation and their evolutionary implications in many key physiological traits in response to ecologically relevant gradients - from the population to the among-individual and the within-individual levels. Additionally, I also aimed at promoting multi-trait and multi-level studies of physiological plasticity in the field of evolutionary physiology, by addressing two major issues: the paucity of theoretical and field-specific knowledge and the logistical challenges limiting the collection of large amounts of repeated measures data in free-ranging individuals. To accomplish these aims, I have integrated both conceptual and empirical approaches, the latter by collecting experimental data from a wild-derived captive songbird, the great tit (Parus major). Overall, my thesis highlights the importance of embracing the hierarchical nature of physiological responses to environmental changes, the relevance of investigating multiple traits at once and that of investigating the multidimensionality of plastic physiological responses. With my thesis I showed that reaction norms represent an ideal, unifying framework with which a comprehensive understanding of the multi-level, multi-trait and multi-dimensional nature of physiological plasticity can be achieved. By illustrating how reaction norms can be employed to answer key mechanistic and evolutionary questions, while also showing that challenges inherent to this approach can be surpassed, my thesis has contributed to the progress in the field of evolutionary physiology. Finally, although I have focused on avian physiological responses, mostly to simulated cold snaps, the conceptual and empirical approaches used in this thesis can be generally applied to many different species, labile traits and types of environmental perturbation.

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570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie

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ISO 690MALKOC, Kasja, 2024. Do responses to fluctuating environmental conditions vary among and within individuals? : A special focus on physiological plasticity in birds [Dissertation]. Konstanz: Universität Konstanz
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  year={2024},
  title={Do responses to fluctuating environmental conditions vary among and within individuals? : A special focus on physiological plasticity in birds},
  author={Malkoc, Kasja},
  address={Konstanz},
  school={Universität Konstanz}
}
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August 5, 2024
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Konstanz, Univ., Diss., 2024
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