@article{Ward2002-01effec-39986,
  year={2002},
  doi={10.1046/j.0021-8790.2001.00571.x},
  title={The effects of parasitism and body length on positioning within wild fish shoals},
  number={1},
  volume={71},
  issn={0021-8790},
  journal={Journal of Animal Ecology},
  pages={10--14},
  author={Ward, Ashley J. W. and Hoare, Derek J. and Couzin, Iain D. and Broom, Mark and Krause, Jens}
}

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    <dc:contributor>Couzin, Iain D.</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:creator>Krause, Jens</dc:creator>
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    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">The influence of body length and parasitism on the positioning behaviour of individuals in wild fish shoals was investigated by a novel means of capturing entire shoals of the banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus, Lesueur) using a grid-net that maintained the two-dimensional positions of individuals within shoals.&lt;br /&gt;Fish in the front section of a shoal were larger than those in the rear.&lt;br /&gt;Individuals parasitized by the digenean trematode (Crassiphiala bulboglossa, Haitsma) showed a tendency to occupy the front of shoals. Parasitized fish were also found more in peripheral positions than central ones in a significant number of shoals.&lt;br /&gt;Shoal geometry was affected by the overall parasite prevalence of shoal members; shoals with high parasite prevalence displayed increasingly phallanx-like shoal formations, whereas shoals with low prevalence were more elliptical.&lt;br /&gt;There was no relationship between body length and parasite abundance or prevalence in the fish population which suggests body length and parasite status are independent predictors of positioning behaviour.&lt;br /&gt;Solitary individuals found outside shoals were both more likely to be parasitized and had higher parasite abundance than individuals engaged in shoaling.&lt;br /&gt;Differences in the shoaling behaviour of parasitized and unparasitized fish are discussed in the context of the adaptive manipulation hypothesis.</dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:title>The effects of parasitism and body length on positioning within wild fish shoals</dcterms:title>
    <dc:creator>Broom, Mark</dc:creator>
    <dcterms:issued>2002-01</dcterms:issued>
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    <dc:creator>Hoare, Derek J.</dc:creator>
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