Size-selective predation and predator-induced life-history shifts alter the outcome of competition between planktonic grazers
Size-selective predation and predator-induced life-history shifts alter the outcome of competition between planktonic grazers
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2011
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Functional Ecology ; 25 (2011), 1. - pp. 199-208. - ISSN 0269-8463
Abstract
1. We studied the effect of size-selective predation on the outcome of competition between two differently sized prey species in a homogenous environment.
2. Using a physiologically structured population model, we calculated equilibrium food concentrations
for a range of predation scenarios defined by varying maximum predation intensity and size-selectivity, the latter being characterized by the neutral selection length (NSL), where negative
selection of small prey size-classes turns into positive selection of larger prey. We parameterized the model according to the well-studied example of fish predation on two differently sized
cladoceran species, Daphnia pulicaria and Daphnia galeata.
3. Although the larger D. pulicaria was principally the better competitor for food, competitive superiority shifted to the smaller D. galeata under certain predation scenarios. The lowest predation
intensity needed to induce a shift from D. pulicaria to D. galeata was found at NSL values in between the sizes at maturity of both species.
4. Analysing the per capita mortality rates as a result of the underlying parameters of the mortality model, NSL and maximum predation intensity, revealed that the tolerable mortality rate of daphnids decreased as NSL increases towards values close to the size at maturity. This effect was most pronounced in D. pulicaria, thus explaining a higher vulnerability of the larger species
to size-selective predation.
5. A reduction of the size at maturity in the smaller species (D. galeata) as a phenotypic response to the presence of fish resulted not only in an increased capability to withstand predation, but
also in competitive dominance shifts over the larger D. pulicaria at lower predation intensities and a much wider range of NSL as a trait-mediated indirect effect.
6. Overall, our results demonstrate that shifts in dominance of differently sized herbivores under size-selective predation regimes may be facilitated by the demonstrated alteration in competitive
capacities and thus might not be exclusively caused by direct predation effects.
2. Using a physiologically structured population model, we calculated equilibrium food concentrations
for a range of predation scenarios defined by varying maximum predation intensity and size-selectivity, the latter being characterized by the neutral selection length (NSL), where negative
selection of small prey size-classes turns into positive selection of larger prey. We parameterized the model according to the well-studied example of fish predation on two differently sized
cladoceran species, Daphnia pulicaria and Daphnia galeata.
3. Although the larger D. pulicaria was principally the better competitor for food, competitive superiority shifted to the smaller D. galeata under certain predation scenarios. The lowest predation
intensity needed to induce a shift from D. pulicaria to D. galeata was found at NSL values in between the sizes at maturity of both species.
4. Analysing the per capita mortality rates as a result of the underlying parameters of the mortality model, NSL and maximum predation intensity, revealed that the tolerable mortality rate of daphnids decreased as NSL increases towards values close to the size at maturity. This effect was most pronounced in D. pulicaria, thus explaining a higher vulnerability of the larger species
to size-selective predation.
5. A reduction of the size at maturity in the smaller species (D. galeata) as a phenotypic response to the presence of fish resulted not only in an increased capability to withstand predation, but
also in competitive dominance shifts over the larger D. pulicaria at lower predation intensities and a much wider range of NSL as a trait-mediated indirect effect.
6. Overall, our results demonstrate that shifts in dominance of differently sized herbivores under size-selective predation regimes may be facilitated by the demonstrated alteration in competitive
capacities and thus might not be exclusively caused by direct predation effects.
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570 Biosciences, Biology
Keywords
Daphnia,fish predation,induced defence,phenotypic plasticity,physiologically structured model,size selection,size at maturity,threshold food concentration,trait-mediated indirect effect
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RINKE, Karsten, Wolf M. MOOIJ, Stephan HÃœLSMANN, 2011. Size-selective predation and predator-induced life-history shifts alter the outcome of competition between planktonic grazers. In: Functional Ecology. 25(1), pp. 199-208. ISSN 0269-8463. Available under: doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01768.xBibTex
@article{Rinke2011Sizes-18494,
year={2011},
doi={10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01768.x},
title={Size-selective predation and predator-induced life-history shifts alter the outcome of competition between planktonic grazers},
number={1},
volume={25},
issn={0269-8463},
journal={Functional Ecology},
pages={199--208},
author={Rinke, Karsten and Mooij, Wolf M. and Hülsmann, Stephan}
}
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