Allocation of essential lipids in Daphnia magna during exposure to poor food quality

Abstract

In nature, food conditions change temporally and force consumers into trade-offs during resource allocation. In particular, under poor food conditions, for example during cyanobacterial blooms, herbivores have to optimize their resource allocation to maximize fitness, and face two decisions: (i) an individual might attempt to allocate acquired essential resources to reproductive tissues or use them for its own maintenance; and (ii) an individual might decide to optimize the chemical quality of its eggs.2. As cyanobacteria feature a deficiency in some essential lipids that leads to a decline in the growth and fecundity of Daphnia, an important freshwater herbivore, we investigated Daphnia magna s Strauss allocation of lipids such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cholesterol during an experimental non-toxic cyanobacterial bloom.3. Generally, we found a substantial maternal investment of the particularly important omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), into the eggs. The concentration of EPA was 2·4-fold higher in eggs than in somatic tissue, a cumulative effect, which was not significantly changed under cyanobacterial food conditions.4. Under poor conditions, D. magna not only decreased the number of eggs produced but, in principle, reduced the previously high concentrations of EPA in both eggs and somatic tissues to a similar degree. In contrast to EPA, the concentrations of α-linolenic acid and cholesterol, although lower than EPA, were more homeostatic in eggs than in somatic tissues, in which concentrations decreased.5. When food quality was improved, D. magna were able to recover completely the fatty acid concentrations in their somatic tissues and eggs.6. This study shows that the content of particular lipids in its food clearly affects resource allocation in D. magna, and suggests that cholesterol is important for somatic growth, while PUFAs are primarily needed for reproduction. As a decreasing investment of essential lipids into eggs implies a reduced fitness of the animals progeny under poor food conditions, this could have a strong impact on population dynamics, which might also be valid for other species.