Spaceborne and UAV-LiDAR reveal hammer-headed bat preference for intermediate canopy height and diverse structure in a Central African rainforest

Abstract

Background Animals with key ecological roles, such as seed-dispersing fruit bats, rely to varying degrees on habitat structure to indicate the locations of resources and risks. Methods To understand how variation in vegetation structure influences fruit bat habitat selection, we related movement steps of hammer-headed bats (Hypsignathus monstrosus) to attributes of canopy height, vertical and horizontal vegetation structure, and habitat type in a mature rainforest of southern Cameroon. Vegetation structural metrics were measured with UAV-LiDAR at 10 m resolution for a 25 km2 study area. Because bats frequently moved outside the study area, we also characterized vegetation height and horizontal complexity over the full extent of bat movement trajectories by upscaling UAV-LiDAR measurements using primarily GEDI LiDAR data. Results At the site level, hammer-headed bats preferred areas of intermediate canopy height (13.9–32.0 m) close to large canopy gaps (≥ 500 m2). Individual bats varied in selection for vertical vegetation complexity, distance to smaller canopy gaps (≥ 50 m2) and plant volume density of intermediate vegetation strata (10–20 m). Over the full extent of movement trajectories, hammer-headed bats consistently preferred intermediate canopy height, and areas closer to canopy gaps. At both spatial extents, bats moved the shortest distances in swamp habitats dominated by Raphia palms. These behaviors indicate the use of forest types that vary structurally, with a preference for open airspace during foraging or moving among resources, and for dense swamp vegetation during roosting and resting periods. In addition, most bats regularly made long flights of up to 17.7 km shortly after sunset and before sunrise and limited their movements to three or fewer destinations throughout the tracking period. Conclusions These results highlight the importance of structurally diverse landscapes for the nightly movements of hammer-headed bats. Our results show how remote sensing methods and animal tracking data can be integrated to understand habitat selection and movement behavior in tropical ecosystems.