Publikation: Experimental evidence that uniformly white sclera enhances the visibility of eye-gaze direction in humans and chimpanzees
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Hallmark social activities of humans, such as cooperation and cultural learning, involve eye-gaze signaling through joint attentional interaction and ostensive communication. The gaze-signaling and related cooperative-eye hypotheses posit that humans evolved unique external eye morphologies, including uniformly white sclera (the whites of the eye), to enhance the visibility of eye-gaze for conspecifics. However, experimental evidence is still lacking. This study tested the ability of human and chimpanzee participants to discriminate the eye-gaze directions of human and chimpanzee images in computerized tasks. We varied the level of brightness and size in the stimulus images to examine the robustness of the eye-gaze directional signal against simulated shading and distancing. We found that both humans and chimpanzees discriminated eye-gaze directions of humans better than those of chimpanzees, particularly in visually challenging conditions. Also, participants of both species discriminated the eye-gaze directions of chimpanzees better when the contrast polarity of the chimpanzee eye was reversed compared to when it was normal; namely, when the chimpanzee eye has human-like white sclera and a darker iris. Uniform whiteness in the sclera thus facilitates the visibility of eye-gaze direction even across species. Our findings thus support but also critically update the central premises of the gaze-signaling hypothesis.
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KANO, Fumihiro, Yuri KAWAGUCHI, Yeow HANLING, 2022. Experimental evidence that uniformly white sclera enhances the visibility of eye-gaze direction in humans and chimpanzees. In: eLife. eLife Sciences Publications. 2022, 11, e74086. eISSN 2050-084X. Available under: doi: 10.7554/eLife.74086BibTex
@article{Kano2022-03-08Exper-57006, year={2022}, doi={10.7554/eLife.74086}, title={Experimental evidence that uniformly white sclera enhances the visibility of eye-gaze direction in humans and chimpanzees}, volume={11}, journal={eLife}, author={Kano, Fumihiro and Kawaguchi, Yuri and Hanling, Yeow}, note={Article Number: e74086} }
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