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Indirect evolutionary rescue in an experimental predator-prey system

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2023

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Genetic diversity is thought to be a key element for populations to mitigate the impact of environmental changes, as it increases the likelihood a heritable phenotype with an adaptive trait being present. This then allows the population to adapt quickly through a frequency increase of this phenotype. How these changes in heritable phenotypes (evolutionary changes) impact the changes in population size (ecological changes) and vice versa has been a focal point of many studies. Well-known examples are evolutionary rescue and eco-evolutionary feedback dynamics in predator-prey systems. While eco-evolutionary dynamics and their effects on populations have been well, it remains unclear how intraspecific trait variation between the phenotypes of a population can impact the processes in eco-evolutionary dynamics. In my thesis I studied how the eco-evolutionary dynamics in a predator-prey systems are influenced by intraspecific trait variation in the prey population. I used the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as prey and the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus as predator in combination with the analyses of simulations of a mathematical model. To manipulate the intraspecific trait variation, I used six different clones of C. reinhardtii which differed in their defense against predation and growth rate. These traits were as well connected to morphological differences. In the first chapter, I developed a method to classify the clones of C. reinhardtii by their morphological differences, by combining neural networks with imaging. With this method, I was able to classify the phenotypes of all clones at high accuracy and follow their frequencies. At the same time this method as well decreased the workload and costs. This set-up can also be applied to different microorganisms and can help facilitating future eco-evolutionary experiments. In the second chapter, I used four of the six clones and always paired two of those together with the rotifer, each pairing had a different distance between their traits in a trait-space and as such a different trait variation. For each pairing I measured the relative contribution of evolution and ecology on changes of rotifer growth rate. I showed that with increased trait variation in the two clones present, a higher distance between their traits in trait-space, led to a higher contribution of evolution over ecology on changes in rotifer growth rate. These results help to better understand the processes underlying eco-evolutionary dynamics. In the third chapter I examined indirect evolutionary rescue (IER) with a combination of model simulations and experiments. In both model and experiment the prey consisted of two clones, one of which was highly defended with a trade-off in lower growth rate, while the other was undefended with a high growth rate. IER describes a process where a non-evolving predator population, is saved from extinction through the evolution of its prey. As the predator population declines, due to a fitness reduction after an environmental change, the defense in the prey population is reduced, as the undefended prey outcompetes the defended. This reduction in defense in the prey population leads to the recovery of the predator population as more undefended prey are available. I showed that IER not only depended on the ability of the prey to evolve, but also on the starting frequency of the defended clone. These results show that not only trait variation, but also the trait distribution can be impactful for the resilience of a population. Overall, this thesis demonstrates how intraspecific trait variation in prey populations influence the eco-evolutionary dynamics of the predator-prey systems. The results show a process in which genetic diversity increases the resilience predator-prey system. They as well suggest the importance of determining trait variation and their distribution in the population in order to predict populations dynamics. This provides a new insight on the processes influencing eco-evolutionary dynamics in a predator-prey system.

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ISO 690HERMANN, Ruben Joseph, 2023. Indirect evolutionary rescue in an experimental predator-prey system [Dissertation]. Konstanz: University of Konstanz
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@phdthesis{Hermann2023Indir-67058,
  year={2023},
  title={Indirect evolutionary rescue in an experimental predator-prey system},
  author={Hermann, Ruben Joseph},
  address={Konstanz},
  school={Universität Konstanz}
}
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In my thesis I studied how the eco-evolutionary dynamics in a predator-prey systems are influenced by intraspecific trait variation in the prey population. I used the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as prey and the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus as predator in combination with the analyses of simulations of a mathematical model. To manipulate the  intraspecific trait variation, I used six different clones of C. reinhardtii which differed in their defense against predation and growth rate. These traits were as well connected to  morphological differences. In the first chapter, I developed a method to classify the clones of C. reinhardtii by their morphological differences, by combining neural networks with imaging.  With this method, I was able to classify the phenotypes of all clones at high accuracy and follow their frequencies. At the same time this method as well decreased the workload and  costs. This set-up can also be applied to different microorganisms and can help facilitating future eco-evolutionary experiments. In the second chapter, I used four of the six clones and  always paired two of those together with the rotifer, each pairing had a different distance 
between their traits in a trait-space and as such a different trait variation. For each pairing I measured the relative contribution of evolution and ecology on changes of rotifer growth rate. I showed that with increased trait variation in the two clones present, a higher distance between their traits in trait-space, led to a higher contribution of evolution over ecology on changes in rotifer growth rate. These results help to better understand the processes underlying eco-evolutionary dynamics. In the third chapter I examined indirect evolutionary rescue (IER) with a combination of model simulations and experiments. In both model and experiment the prey consisted of two clones, one of which was highly defended with a trade-off in lower growth rate, while the other was undefended with a high growth rate. IER describes a process where a non-evolving predator population, is saved from extinction through the evolution of its prey. As the predator population declines, due to a fitness 
reduction after an environmental change, the defense in the prey population is reduced, as the undefended prey outcompetes the defended. This reduction in defense in the prey population leads to the recovery of the predator population as more undefended prey are available. I showed that IER not only depended on the ability of the prey to evolve, but also on the starting frequency of the defended clone. These results show that not only trait variation, but also the trait distribution can be impactful for the resilience of a population.
Overall, this thesis demonstrates how intraspecific trait variation in prey populations influence the eco-evolutionary dynamics of the predator-prey systems. The results show a process in which genetic diversity increases the resilience predator-prey system. They as well suggest the importance of determining trait variation and their distribution in the population in order to predict populations dynamics. This provides a new insight on the processes influencing eco-evolutionary dynamics in a predator-prey system.</dcterms:abstract>
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March 27, 2023
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Konstanz, Univ., Diss., 2023
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