Publikation: Real Bodies Not Required? : Placebo Analgesia and Pain Perception in Immersive Virtual and Augmented Reality
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Pain represents an embodied experience, wherein inferences are not only drawn from external sensory inputs, but also from bodily states. Previous research has demonstrated that a placebo administered to an embodied rubber hand can effectively induce analgesia, providing first evidence that placebos can work even when applied to temporarily embodied, artificial body parts. Using a heat pain paradigm, the present study investigates placebo analgesia and pain perception during virtual embodiment. We examined whether a virtual placebo (a sham heat protective glove) can successfully induce analgesia, even when administered to a virtual body. The analgesic efficacy of the virtual placebo to the real hand (augmented reality setting) or virtual hand (virtual reality setting) was compared to a physical placebo administered to the own, physical body (physical reality setting). Furthermore, pain perception and subjective embodiment were compared between settings. In this mixed design experiment, healthy participants (n = 48) were assigned to either an analgesia-expectation or control-expectation group, where subjective and objective pain was measured at pre- and post-intervention time points. Results demonstrate that pre-intervention pain intensity was lower in the virtual reality setting, and that participants in the analgesia-expectation group, after the intervention, exhibited significantly higher pain thresholds, and lower pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings than control-expectation participants, independent of the setting. Our findings show that a virtual placebo can elicit placebo analgesia comparable to that of a physical placebo, and that administration of a placebo does not necessitate physical bodily interaction to produce analgesic responses.
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HO, Jasmine Tian, Peter KRUMMENACHER, Marte ROEL LESUR, Gianluca SAETTA, Bigna LENGGENHAGER, 2022. Real Bodies Not Required? : Placebo Analgesia and Pain Perception in Immersive Virtual and Augmented Reality. In: The Journal of Pain. Elsevier. 2022, 23(4), pp. 625-640. ISSN 1526-5900. eISSN 1528-8447. Available under: doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.10.009BibTex
@article{Ho2022-04Bodie-56772, year={2022}, doi={10.1016/j.jpain.2021.10.009}, title={Real Bodies Not Required? : Placebo Analgesia and Pain Perception in Immersive Virtual and Augmented Reality}, number={4}, volume={23}, issn={1526-5900}, journal={The Journal of Pain}, pages={625--640}, author={Ho, Jasmine Tian and Krummenacher, Peter and Roel Lesur, Marte and Saetta, Gianluca and Lenggenhager, Bigna} }
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