Pseudo-Haptics for Weight Perception in VR : Controller vs. Bare Hand Interactions with Tracking Delay and Vertical Offset

Abstract

Training in virtual reality (VR) offers advantages such as a safe learning environment, good scalability, and cost saving. However, state-of-the-art simulations are limited in faithfully conveying real-world physical object properties such as weight without complex technologies and instrumentation of the user or environment, which may negatively impact learning. A potential solution is the application of pseudo-haptics: illusory haptic sensations induced by a mismatch between real and virtual hand positions. Researchers have proposed various pseudo-haptic techniques to alter the perception of weight in virtual environments, but their effectiveness with hand tracking compared to VR controllers is underexplored. Hence, we investigate impacts of the interaction method for two different types of pseudohaptic feedback based on Tracking Delay and Vertical Offset. Our results indicate that pseudo-haptics can effectively facilitate the sensation of weight both with controllers and bare hands, whereby each has benefits: hand tracking can enhance body ownership, while controllers may improve perceived responsiveness of virtual environments. Also, pseudo-haptics with Tracking Delay may be preferable for repetitive lifting tasks, as Vertical Offset can be prone to higher physical demand. The current study provides insights into the design of pseudo-haptic feedback and interaction technologies for weight perception in VR.