@article{Hofmann2014-07-01Occip-27945,
  year={2014},
  doi={10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.014},
  title={Occipital and orbitofrontal hemodynamics during naturally paced reading : An fNIRS study},
  volume={94},
  issn={1053-8119},
  journal={NeuroImage},
  pages={193--202},
  author={Hofmann, Markus J. and Dambacher, Michael and Jacobs, Arthur M. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Radach, Ralph and Kuchinke, Lars and Plichta, Michael M. and Fallgatter, Andreas J. and Herrmann, Martin J.}
}

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    <dc:contributor>Hofmann, Markus J.</dc:contributor>
    <dc:creator>Jacobs, Arthur M.</dc:creator>
    <dc:creator>Dambacher, Michael</dc:creator>
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    <dc:creator>Plichta, Michael M.</dc:creator>
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    <dc:contributor>Radach, Ralph</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:contributor>Fallgatter, Andreas J.</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:creator>Hofmann, Markus J.</dc:creator>
    <dcterms:bibliographicCitation>Neuroimage ; 94 (2014). - S. 193-202</dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
    <dc:contributor>Dambacher, Michael</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:creator>Kuchinke, Lars</dc:creator>
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    <dc:contributor>Jacobs, Arthur M.</dc:contributor>
    <dc:creator>Fallgatter, Andreas J.</dc:creator>
    <dc:contributor>Kuchinke, Lars</dc:contributor>
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    <dcterms:title>Occipital and orbitofrontal hemodynamics during naturally paced reading : An fNIRS study</dcterms:title>
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    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">Humans typically read at incredibly fast rates, because they predict likely occurring words from a given context. Here, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to track the ultra-rapid hemodynamic responses of words presented every 280 ms in a naturally paced sentence context. We found a lower occipital deoxygenation to unpredictable than to predictable words. The greater hemodynamic responses to unexpected words suggest that the visual features of expected words have been pre-activated previous to stimulus presentation. Second, we tested opposing theoretical proposals about the role of the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC): Either OFC may respond to the breach of expectation; or OFC is activated when the present stimulus matches the prediction. A significant interaction between word frequency and predictability indicated OFC responses to breaches of expectation for low- but not for high-frequency words: OFC is sensitive to both, bottom-up processing as mediated by word frequency, as well as top-down predictions. Particularly, when a rare word is unpredictable, OFC becomes active. Finally, we discuss how a high temporal resolution can help future studies to disentangle the hemodynamic responses of single trials in such an ultra-rapid event succession as naturally paced reading.</dcterms:abstract>
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