@article{Delius2019-09-26Syste-47095,
  year={2019},
  doi={10.1038/s41598-019-50212-1},
  title={Systematic Analysis of Pigeons' Discrimination of Pixelated Stimuli : A Hierarchical Pattern Recognition System Is Not Identifiable},
  number={1},
  volume={9},
  journal={Scientific Reports},
  author={Delius, Juan and Delius, Julia A. M.},
  note={Preprint of paper published in 2019 in Scientific Reports ; Link to published version in KOPS: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-1o5lh5bt6fh8q7 Article Number: 13929}
}

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    <dc:creator>Delius, Julia A. M.</dc:creator>
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    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">Pigeons learned to discriminate two different patterns displayed with miniature light-emitting diode arrays. They were then tested with 84 interspersed, non-reinforced degraded pattern pairs. Choices ranged between 100% and 50% for one or other of the patterns. Stimuli consisting of few pixels yielded low choice scores whereas those consisting of many pixels yielded a broad range of scores. Those patterns with a high number of pixels coinciding with those of the rewarded training stimulus were preferred and those with a high number of pixels coinciding with the non-rewarded training pattern were avoided; a discrimination index based on this correlated 0.74 with the pattern choices. Pixels common to both training patterns had a minimal influence. A pixel-by-pixel analysis revealed that eight pixels of one pattern and six pixels of the other pattern played a prominent role in the pigeons' choices. These pixels were disposed in four and two clusters of neighbouring locations. A summary index calculated on this basis still only yielded a weak 0.73 correlation. The individual pigeons' data furthermore showed that these clusters were a mere averaging mirage. The pigeons' performance depends on deep learning in a midbrain-based multimillion synapse neuronal network. Pixelated visual patterns should be helpful when simulating perception of patterns with artificial networks.</dcterms:abstract>
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    <dcterms:title>Systematic Analysis of Pigeons' Discrimination of Pixelated Stimuli : A Hierarchical Pattern Recognition System Is Not Identifiable</dcterms:title>
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