@article{Frey2019-08rippl-45177,
  year={2019},
  doi={10.3758/s13428-018-1140-6},
  title={The rippling dynamics of valenced messages in naturalistic youth chat},
  number={4},
  volume={51},
  issn={1554-351X},
  journal={Behavior Research Methods},
  pages={1737--1753},
  author={Frey, Seth and Donnay, Karsten and Helbing, Dirk and Sumner, Robert W and Bos, Maarten W}
}

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    <dc:contributor>Helbing, Dirk</dc:contributor>
    <dc:creator>Helbing, Dirk</dc:creator>
    <dcterms:issued>2019-08</dcterms:issued>
    <dc:creator>Frey, Seth</dc:creator>
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    <dc:contributor>Bos, Maarten W</dc:contributor>
    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">Even though human behavior is largely driven by real-time feedback from others, this social complexity is underrepresented in psychological theory, largely because it is so difficult to isolate. In this work, we performed a quasi-experimental analysis of hundreds of millions of chat room messages between young people. This allowed us to reconstruct how-and on what timeline-the valence of one message affects the valence of subsequent messages by others. For the highly emotionally valenced chat messages that we focused on, we found that these messages elicited a general increase of 0.1 to 0.4 messages per minute. This influence started 2 s after the original message and continued out to 60 s. Expanding our focus to include feedback loops-the way a speaker's chat comes back to affect him or her-we found that the stimulating effects of these same chat events started rippling back from others 8 s after the original message, to cause an increase in the speaker's chat that persisted for up to 8 min. This feedback accounted for at least 1% of the bulk of chat. Additionally, a message's valence affects its dynamics, with negative events feeding back more slowly and continuing to affect the speaker longer. By reconstructing the second-by-second dynamics of many psychosocial processes in aggregate, we captured the timescales at which they collectively ripple through a social system to drive system-level outcomes.</dcterms:abstract>
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