Functional trait differences and trait plasticity mediate biotic resistance to potential plant invaders

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2018
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Conti, Luisa
Block, Svenja
Parepa, Madalin
Münkemüller, Tamara
Thuiller, Wilfried
Acosta, Alicia T. R.
Dullinger, Stefan
Essl, Franz
Dullinger, Iwona
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Journal of Ecology. 2018, 106(4), pp. 1607-1620. ISSN 0022-0477. eISSN 1365-2745. Available under: doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12928
Zusammenfassung
  1. Biotic resistance represents an important natural barrier to potential invaders throughout the world, yet the underlying mechanisms that drive such resistance are still debated. In theory, native communities should repel both functionally similar invaders which compete for the same resources, and invaders which possess less competitive traits. However, environmental stress, trade-offs across vital rates and competition-induced plastic trait shifts may modify expected competitive outcomes, thereby influencing invasion dynamics.
    2. In order to test these theoretical links between trait distributions and biotic resistance, we performed a mesocosm experiment with 25 non-native ornamental species invading native plant communities. Each non-native species was grown with and without the native community under two watering treatments (regular and reduced). We measured biotic resistance as the difference in performance of nonnative individuals grown with and without the community in terms of their survival, growth and reproduction. We quantified overall functional dissimilarity between non-native ornamental individuals and native communities based on the combination of plant height, specific leaf area and seed mass. Then, assuming each of these traits is also potentially linked to competitive ability, we measured the position of non-natives on trait hierarchies. While height is positively correlated with competitive ability for light interception, conservative leaf and seed characteristics provide greater tolerance to competition for other resources. Finally, we quantified plastic trait shifts of non-native individuals induced by competition.
    3. Indeed, the native community repelled functionally similar individuals by lowering the invader’s survival rate. Simultaneously, shorter ornamental individuals with larger specific leaf areas were less tolerant to biotic resistance from the community across vital rates, although the effect of trait hierarchies often depended on watering conditions. Finally, non-natives responded to competition by shifting their traits. Most importantly, individuals with more competitive traits were able to overcome biotic resistance also through competition-induced plastic trait shifts.
    4. Synthesis. Our results highlight that both functional dissimilarity and trait hierarchies mediate biotic resistance to ornamental plant invaders. Nevertheless, environmental stress as well as opposing trends across vital rates are also influential. Furthermore, plastic trait shifts can reinforce potential invaders’ competitive superiority, determining a positive feedback.
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570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie
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competition, Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis, drought, fitness differences, intraspecific trait variability, invasion ecology, mesocosm experiment, niche differences, stress, vital rates
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ISO 690CONTI, Luisa, Svenja BLOCK, Madalin PAREPA, Tamara MÜNKEMÜLLER, Wilfried THUILLER, Alicia T. R. ACOSTA, Mark VAN KLEUNEN, Stefan DULLINGER, Franz ESSL, Iwona DULLINGER, 2018. Functional trait differences and trait plasticity mediate biotic resistance to potential plant invaders. In: Journal of Ecology. 2018, 106(4), pp. 1607-1620. ISSN 0022-0477. eISSN 1365-2745. Available under: doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12928
BibTex
@article{Conti2018-07Funct-41228,
  year={2018},
  doi={10.1111/1365-2745.12928},
  title={Functional trait differences and trait plasticity mediate biotic resistance to potential plant invaders},
  number={4},
  volume={106},
  issn={0022-0477},
  journal={Journal of Ecology},
  pages={1607--1620},
  author={Conti, Luisa and Block, Svenja and Parepa, Madalin and Münkemüller, Tamara and Thuiller, Wilfried and Acosta, Alicia T. R. and van Kleunen, Mark and Dullinger, Stefan and Essl, Franz and Dullinger, Iwona}
}
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    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">1. Biotic resistance represents an important natural barrier to potential invaders throughout the world, yet the underlying mechanisms that drive such resistance are still debated. In theory, native communities should repel both functionally similar invaders which compete for the same resources, and invaders which possess less competitive traits. However, environmental stress, trade-offs across vital rates and competition-induced plastic trait shifts may modify expected competitive outcomes, thereby influencing invasion dynamics.&lt;br /&gt;2. In order to test these theoretical links between trait distributions and biotic resistance, we performed a mesocosm experiment with 25 non-native ornamental species invading native plant communities. Each non-native species was grown with and without the native community under two watering treatments (regular and reduced). We measured biotic resistance as the difference in performance of nonnative individuals grown with and without the community in terms of their survival, growth and reproduction. We quantified overall functional dissimilarity between non-native ornamental individuals and native communities based on the combination of plant height, specific leaf area and seed mass. Then, assuming each of these traits is also potentially linked to competitive ability, we measured the position of non-natives on trait hierarchies. While height is positively correlated with competitive ability for light interception, conservative leaf and seed characteristics provide greater tolerance to competition for other resources. Finally, we quantified plastic trait shifts of non-native individuals induced by competition.&lt;br /&gt;3. Indeed, the native community repelled functionally similar individuals by lowering the invader’s survival rate. Simultaneously, shorter ornamental individuals with larger specific leaf areas were less tolerant to biotic resistance from the community across vital rates, although the effect of trait hierarchies often depended on watering conditions. Finally, non-natives responded to competition by shifting their traits. Most importantly, individuals with more competitive traits were able to overcome biotic resistance also through competition-induced plastic trait shifts.&lt;br /&gt;4. Synthesis. Our results highlight that both functional dissimilarity and trait hierarchies mediate biotic resistance to ornamental plant invaders. Nevertheless, environmental stress as well as opposing trends across vital rates are also influential. Furthermore, plastic trait shifts can reinforce potential invaders’ competitive superiority, determining a positive feedback.</dcterms:abstract>
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