@article{Wirtz2004Enhan-30974,
  year={2004},
  doi={10.1016/j.bbi.2004.01.002},
  title={Enhanced glucocorticoid sensitivity of cytokine release from circulating leukocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in healthy male smokers},
  number={6},
  volume={18},
  issn={0889-1591},
  journal={Brain, behavior, and immunity},
  pages={536--543},
  author={Wirtz, Petra H. and von Känel, Roland and Kunz-Ebrecht, Sabine and Ehlert, Ulrike and Fischer, Joachim E.}
}

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    <dc:creator>Fischer, Joachim E.</dc:creator>
    <dcterms:issued>2004</dcterms:issued>
    <dc:creator>Kunz-Ebrecht, Sabine</dc:creator>
    <dc:contributor>von Känel, Roland</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:creator>von Känel, Roland</dc:creator>
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    <dc:contributor>Fischer, Joachim E.</dc:contributor>
    <dc:contributor>Ehlert, Ulrike</dc:contributor>
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    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">Smoking is a strong cardiovascular risk factor that promotes inflammation. The source of elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines in the circulation of smokers is not fully understood. We investigated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from circulating leukocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its inhibition by glucocorticoids in smokers and non-smokers. Ninety-three middle-aged apparently healthy men were categorized as smokers (&gt; 10 cigarettes/day; n = 41) or life-long non-smokers (n = 52). Peripheral cortisol was assessed from overnight urine. C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were measured in plasma. LPS-stimulated interleukin (IL)-6 and TNF-alpha release from harvested circulating leukocytes were assessed using an in vitro whole blood assay with and without co-incubation of increasing concentrations of either dexamethasone or hydrocortisone. Glucocorticoid sensitivity was defined as the concentration of glucocorticoids required that inhibits LPS-stimulated cytokine release by 50%. Smokers had higher CRP levels (p = .005) and a trend for higher basal TNF-alpha levels (p &lt; .07), and they also showed lower IL-6 and TNF-alpha release after LPS-stimulation than non-smokers (p's &lt; .001). While peripheral cortisol concentration showed no significant group difference, inhibition of LPS-stimulated leukocyte IL-6 and TNF-alpha release by either glucocorticoid was enhanced in smokers as compared to non-smokers (p's &lt; .022). The finding suggests that, in spite of a low-grade systemic inflammation, smokers have decreased LPS-stimulated cytokine release from circulating leukocytes and greater glucocorticoid sensitivity of this cytokine release than non-smokers. Circulating leukocytes unlikely contribute to the elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the blood of smokers.</dcterms:abstract>
    <dc:creator>Wirtz, Petra H.</dc:creator>
    <dc:contributor>Wirtz, Petra H.</dc:contributor>
    <dcterms:title>Enhanced glucocorticoid sensitivity of cytokine release from circulating leukocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in healthy male smokers</dcterms:title>
    <dc:contributor>Kunz-Ebrecht, Sabine</dc:contributor>
    <dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2015-05-19T09:40:25Z</dc:date>
    <dc:creator>Ehlert, Ulrike</dc:creator>
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