Enhanced glucocorticoid sensitivity of cytokine release from circulating leukocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in healthy male smokers
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Smoking is a strong cardiovascular risk factor that promotes inflammation. The source of elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines in the circulation of smokers is not fully understood. We investigated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from circulating leukocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its inhibition by glucocorticoids in smokers and non-smokers. Ninety-three middle-aged apparently healthy men were categorized as smokers (> 10 cigarettes/day; n = 41) or life-long non-smokers (n = 52). Peripheral cortisol was assessed from overnight urine. C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were measured in plasma. LPS-stimulated interleukin (IL)-6 and TNF-alpha release from harvested circulating leukocytes were assessed using an in vitro whole blood assay with and without co-incubation of increasing concentrations of either dexamethasone or hydrocortisone. Glucocorticoid sensitivity was defined as the concentration of glucocorticoids required that inhibits LPS-stimulated cytokine release by 50%. Smokers had higher CRP levels (p = .005) and a trend for higher basal TNF-alpha levels (p < .07), and they also showed lower IL-6 and TNF-alpha release after LPS-stimulation than non-smokers (p's < .001). While peripheral cortisol concentration showed no significant group difference, inhibition of LPS-stimulated leukocyte IL-6 and TNF-alpha release by either glucocorticoid was enhanced in smokers as compared to non-smokers (p's < .022). The finding suggests that, in spite of a low-grade systemic inflammation, smokers have decreased LPS-stimulated cytokine release from circulating leukocytes and greater glucocorticoid sensitivity of this cytokine release than non-smokers. Circulating leukocytes unlikely contribute to the elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the blood of smokers.
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WIRTZ, Petra H., Roland VON KÄNEL, Sabine KUNZ-EBRECHT, Ulrike EHLERT, Joachim E. FISCHER, 2004. Enhanced glucocorticoid sensitivity of cytokine release from circulating leukocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in healthy male smokers. In: Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2004, 18(6), pp. 536-543. ISSN 0889-1591. eISSN 1090-2139. Available under: doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.01.002BibTex
@article{Wirtz2004Enhan-30974, year={2004}, doi={10.1016/j.bbi.2004.01.002}, title={Enhanced glucocorticoid sensitivity of cytokine release from circulating leukocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in healthy male smokers}, number={6}, volume={18}, issn={0889-1591}, journal={Brain, behavior, and immunity}, pages={536--543}, author={Wirtz, Petra H. and von Känel, Roland and Kunz-Ebrecht, Sabine and Ehlert, Ulrike and Fischer, Joachim E.} }
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